Humic Acid Acts as a Natural Antidote of Graphene by Regulating Nanomaterial Translocation and Metabolic Fluxes in Vivo.
How is graphene oxide reduced?
5.2 Reduced Graphene Oxide
rGO can be obtained from GO through reduction. This can be accomplished through electrochemical reduction, chemical reduction, and thermal reduction (16, 36, 39–43). Each process has its own merits and demerits.
What are the side effects of graphene oxide?
Concentration. Numerous results have shown that graphene materials cause dose-dependent toxicity in animals and cells, such as liver and kidney injury, lung granuloma formation, decreased cell viability and cell apoptosis [130–134].
How do you remove graphene oxide from water?
Floc-flotation can remove up to 98% of the GO nanoparticles from water. Floc-flotation can result in a much less environmental concern for GO in natural water bodies.
What breaks down graphene oxide?
Graphene oxide breaks down in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, in a reaction catalysed by the myeloperoxidase enzyme. The degree of degradation depends on the colloidal stability of the suspension, which indicates that the hydrophilic nature of graphene oxide is a key factor in its breakdown by enzymes.
How can graphene oxide be reduced from graphene oxide?
Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) The RGO was prepared by dispersing 400 mg XGO into 800 mL of distilled water while stirring and heating at 95°C for 4 days.
How can graphene be used in medicine?
There are vast possibilities for graphene in medicine. One of the most critical applications is in cancer treatments. It has been suggested that functionalized nano-sized graphene can be used as a drug carrier for in vitro intracellular delivery of anticancer chemotherapy drugs.
How long does it take for graphene oxide to leave the body?
In fact, over 75% of graphene oxide (or GO) sheets injected into mice were eliminated from the body through the kidneys in the urine within 24 hours.
Is graphene toxic?
Rationales provided for this are that graphene is not toxic, that exposure is low, that small amounts are expected to be produced and used, that graphene can be made safe, that graphene is similar to harmless materials (e.g., being “just carbon”), and that graphene is different from hazardous materials such as carbon
Why is graphene oxide used in medicine?
Graphene and graphene oxide have been widely investigated for biomedical applications due to their exceptional qualities: twodimensional planar structure, wide surface area, chemical and mechanical constancy, sublime conductivity and excellent biocompatibility.
Is reduced graphene oxide soluble in water?
Conclusions. In summary, we demonstrate that water soluble reduced graphene oxide can be synthesized via a two-step reduction approach assisted with sulfonation. The obtained rGO is typically 2 nm in thickness and most of the oxygen-related groups are removed by reduction.
Does graphene oxide dissolve in water?
Graphene won’t dissolve in water or organic solvents. It only disperse in solvents. Pure or pristine graphene display poor dispersion due to the strong van der waals force of attraction. Functionalization of graphene (GO or rGO) is the only option to disperse in water or some solvents.
Why is graphene oxide in water?
When the graphene is dispersed in water, the carboxyl group is hydrolyzed to negatively charged acid and hydrogen ions to form a stable oxidized graphene dispersion. Researchers enabled the new properties of graphene through different modification methods [5].
Can the body break down graphene?
Scientists have discovered that a natural human enzyme can biodegrade graphene. These findings could have great implications in the development of graphene-based biomedical devices.
Is graphene hydroxide biodegradable?
Our research shows that the inflammation caused by ingesting graphene oxide subsides over time, which supports the case that graphene oxide is a biodegradable material.
What is the scientific name for graphene oxide?
Description Graphene oxide (GO), also referred to as graphite/graphitic oxide, is obtained by treating graphite with oxidisers, and results in a compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in variable ratios.
Why graphene is used in nanotechnology?
Since graphene is just a single layer of carbon atoms connected in a hexagonal pattern, it is also extremely thin and lightweight, and therefore an attractive material for nanotechnology applications.
How do you reduce go to rGO?
The graphene oxide (GO) was converted to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by chemical reduction using ascorbic acid as the reducing agent.
How is graphene oxide prepared from graphite?
] is the most popular method to prepare graphene and graphite oxide. During the oxidation process, graphite crystal was treated with strong oxidizing agents and carried oxygen-containing functional groups into graphite oxide sheet.
Which medicines use graphene oxide?
Some researchers indicated that graphene oxide can be used as a nanocarrier for loading and delivery19,20,21 of commonly used anticancer drugs such as SN-3822, doxorubicin, camptothecin, and methotrexate23,24. Moreover, a higher drug loading rate of 200% was reported for the DOX/NGO25.
Is graphene hydroxide used in medicine?
The biomedical applications of graphene and its composite include its use in gene and small molecular drug delivery. It is further used for biofunctionalization of protein, in anticancer therapy, as an antimicrobial agent for bone and teeth implantation.