Flip-flop occurs when the rate of absorption is slower than the rate of elimination. If it is not recognized, it can create difficulties in the acquisition and interpretation of pharmacokinetic parameters.Flip-flop occurs when the rate of absorption is slower than the
What is flip-flop phenomenon in Biopharmaceutics?
Flip-flop kinetics refers to when the rate of absorption of a compound is significantly slower than its rate of elimination from the body. Therefore, the compound’s persistence in the body becomes dependent on absorption rather than elimination processes. This sometimes occurs when the route of exposure is dermal.
What drugs show flip-flop phenomenon?
Depot injections such as depot antipsychotics and long-acting injectable steroid hormone medications like estradiol valerate, testosterone enanthate, and medroxyprogesterone acetate are examples of drugs with flip–flop kinetics.
What the body does to drug?
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes described as what the body does to a drug, refers to the movement of drug into, through, and out of the body—the time course of its absorption.
What is the method of residuals?
If one of the rate constants (ka or kel) is much larger than the other, the method works best if the difference is at least five times, then the faster differential will approach zero more quickly, and at later times can be ignored.
Flip-Flop • In digital circuits, the flip-flop, is a kind of bistable multivibrator. • It is a Sequential Circuits / an electronic circuit which has two stable states and thereby is capable of serving as one bit of memory , bit 1 or bit 0.
What is Wagner Nelson method?
In pharmacokinetics, the Wagner-Nelson method has been used to describe precisely the absorption kinetics of orally administered drugs and its reliability is independent of the nature of gastric emptying.
What is flip-flop phenomenon and when is it observed?
Flip-flop occurs when the rate of absorption is slower than the rate of elimination. If it is not recognized, it can create difficulties in the acquisition and interpretation of pharmacokinetic parameters.
What is volume of distribution of drugs?
Volume of distribution (Vd), represents the apparent volume into which the drug is distributed to provide the same concentration as it currently is in blood plasma. It is calculated by the amount of the drug in the body divided by the plasma concentration [19].
What are pharmacodynamic drug interactions?
Pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by that of another drug in a combination regimen. DDIs often are classified as synergistic, additive, or antagonistic in nature, albeit these terms are frequently misused.
What drug causes GREY skin?
Psychotropic drugs
Antipsychotic medications produce adverse cutaneous effects in approximately 5% of patients; patients taking phenothiazines, imipramine, or desipramine most frequently develop a progressive slate or blue-gray pigmentation in sun-exposed areas of the skin.
What are 4 types of drugs?
There are four main groups of drugs, divided according to their major effects, plus a few substances that do not easily fit into any category.
What types of drug are there?
- stimulants (e.g. cocaine)
- depressants (e.g. alcohol)
- opium-related painkillers (e.g. heroin)
- hallucinogens (e.g. LSD)
What is drug PK?
Pharmacokinetics (PK) represents “what the body does to the drug,” whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) can be defined as “what the drug does to the body,” or, more specifically, to target cell-types, tissues, or organs (Fig. 16.2).
What is K elimination?
Elimination Rate Constant (k)
The elimination rate constant (usually a first-order rate constant) represents the fraction of xenobiotics that is eliminated from the body during a given period of time.
What is the two compartment model?
Definition: The two compartment open model treats the body as two compartments. Input and output are from the central compartment. Mixing occurs between the two compartments.
What is multi compartment?
A multi-compartment model is a type of mathematical model used for describing the way materials or energies are transmitted among the compartments of a system. Each compartment is assumed to be a homogeneous entity within which the entities being modelled are equivalent.
What is flip-flop how many types define it?
Flip flop circuits are classified into four types based on its use, namely D-Flip Flop, T- Flip Flop, SR- Flip Flop and JK- Flip Flop.
What is flip-flop and its types PPT?
One flip-flop acts as the “Master” circuit, which triggers on the leading edge of the clock pulse while the other acts as the “Slave” circuit, which triggers on the falling edge of the clock pulse. Master-Slave flip flop. Q(t) Q(t+1) S R 0 0 0 X 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 X 0 RS Flip Flop.
What are the different types of flip flops?
There are basically four different types of flip flops and these are:
- Set-Reset (SR) flip-flop or Latch.
- JK flip-flop.
- D (Data or Delay) flip-flop.
- T (Toggle) flip-flop.
How does PK calculate MRT?
The MRT is calculated by summing the total time in the body and dividing by the number of molecules, which is turns out to be 85.6 minutes.
What is sigma minus method?
of unchanged drug in urine the” Sigma-minus ” method consists of plotting log (D c, -Du) against time, where (Du -Du) represents the sum (Sigma) of the amounts of drug excreted. until such time as excretion may be considered to be complete(Du00) minus thecumulative. amount of drug excreted to a time t, (Do).
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