Nanoscale graphene-based materials have also been extensively used for designing targeted and stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems through either external stimulus (such as temperature, light, ultrasound waves, magnetic and electric fields), internal stimulus (such as pH, redox and enzymes) or multi-stimuli-
How is graphene used in medicine?
Graphene is important to improve applications in medicine: cancer therapies, disease diagnostic tools, tissue engineering, implants, DNA sequencing, biomarker, transfer of genetic material, as well as in the combined field of biomedical imaging and neuroscience.
Why is graphene oxide used in medicine?
Graphene and graphene oxide have been widely investigated for biomedical applications due to their exceptional qualities: twodimensional planar structure, wide surface area, chemical and mechanical constancy, sublime conductivity and excellent biocompatibility.
Which drugs use graphene oxide?
Table 1
| GO composite | Drug/gene | References |
|---|---|---|
| CPMAA2-GON-PEG | DOX | 103 |
| PAA-GO | BCNU | 104 |
| NGO-SS-PE | DOX | 105 |
| Graphene/Fe3O4 | DOX | 106–108 |
Which nanoparticles are used in drug delivery?
Nanoparticles used in drug delivery system
- Chitosan. Chitosan exhibits muco-adhesive properties and can be used to act in the tight epithelial junctions.
- Alginate.
- Xanthan gum.
- Cellulose.
- Liposomes.
- Polymeric micelles.
- Dendrimers.
- Inorganic nanoparticles.
What is graphene hydroxide used for?
Thus, the material investigated here can be used not only for energy storage systems demanding high volumetric capacitance but also accelerate the development of new electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) materials for supercapacitors with high volumetric capacitance.
Why is graphene useful to humans?
Graphene is an attractive material for the implementation of multifunctional brain implantable devices, owing to the unique physicochemical properties including the flexibility, high optical transparency and electrical conductivity.
How is graphene used in biomedicine?
One of the earliest biomedical applications of graphene was for improved drug delivery.Graphene oxide contains COOH and OH groups which will readily allow for the attachment to various biomolecules. Studies have explored the use of graphene oxide for the delivery of cancer treatments and anti-inflammatory drugs.
What is the use of graphene in nanotechnology?
There are four areas that graphene nanotechnology can find application in renewable energy. These areas are (1) hydrogen fuel cells, (2) solar (photovoltaic) cells, (3) battery-powered vehicles, and (4) energy storage devices and other applications [16].
How is nanotechnology used in drug delivery?
The application of nanotechnology for drug delivery provides the potential for enhanced treatments with targeted delivery and fewer side effects. Nanotechnology drug delivery applications occur through the use of designed nanomaterials as well as forming delivery systems from nanoscale molecules such as liposomes.
How nanoparticles are used as targeted drug delivery?
Nanoparticles can cross the blood-brain barrier following the opening of endothelium tight junctions by hyper-osmotic mannitol, which may provide sustained delivery of therapeutic agents for difficult-to-treat diseases like brain tumors (Kroll et al., 1998).
What are the types of drug delivery systems?
Figure 1: Different routes of drug delivery.
- Buccal drug delivery.
- Nasal drug delivery.
- Ocular drug delivery.
- Oral drug delivery.
- Pulmonary drug delivery.
- Sublingual drug delivery.
- Transdermal drug delivery.
- Vaginal/anal drug delivery.
How does graphene oxide affect the body?
Upon interaction with light, graphene can generate reactive oxygen species, which in turn can cause oxidative stress, loss in cell functionality, pro-inflammatory responses and mitochondrial damage.
Graphene materials show excellent inhibitory antiviral effects against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including RNA and DNA viruses. These performances which are attributed to the physicochemical properties exhibited on the surfaces of these materials, can be used to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
What’s the difference between graphene oxide and graphene hydroxide?
The difference between GO and rGO is the presence of more hydroxyl, carboxyl, and ether functional groups on the surface of GO sheets, which can be effective in interacting with other compounds or dispersing in water.
How does the graphene works?
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms, arranged hexagonally, in a chicken-wire structure.Without these interactions, as in a sheet of graphene, electrons behave as though they are massless particles, moving freely through empty space, at close to the speed of light.
What is graphite used for?
forms, diamond and graphite, are crystalline in structure, but they differ in physical… Graphite is used in pencils, lubricants, crucibles, foundry facings, polishes, arc lamps, batteries, brushes for electric motors, and cores of nuclear reactors.
Why is graphene so special?
What makes graphene so special is its sp2 hybridisation and very thin atomic thickness (of 0.345 nm). These properties are what enable graphene to break so many records in terms of strength, electricity and heat conduction (as well as many others).
What are the disadvantages of graphene?
Disadvantages of Graphene
➨Creation of high quality graphene is expensive and complex process. ➨In order to grow graphene, toxic chemicals are being used at high temperatures. Due to this it exhibits toxic qualities. ➨It is susceptive to oxidative atmosphere.
Can graphene oxide be used in medicine?
Graphene oxide (GO), an oxidized derivative of graphene, is currently used in biotechnology and medicine for cancer treatment, drug delivery, and cellular imaging.
How long does graphene oxide last?
“A significantly larger fraction of the thicker GO sheet (47.5% of the injected dose) remain in the body 24 hours after administration, mainly in the spleen and liver,” say Jasim and Kostarelos. “By contrast, the thinner GO sheets (76.9%) were excreted in the urine.”
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